CSIR UGC – NET JRF, IIT-GATE, Assistant Professor & M.Sc: Chemistry

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Importance of Mathematics in Chemistry

Numbers: Fundamental Ideas

Variables: Algebra of Real and Complex Numbers

Units: Concept and Conversion

Algebraic Equations

Geometry

Mensuration

Algebraic Functions

Trigonometric Relations and Functions

Exponential Functions

Logarithmic Functions and Relations

Hyperbolic Functions

Functions of Several Variables

Limit and Continuity

Differentiation

Integration

Differential Equations

Sequences and Series

Vectors

Matrices and Determinants

Data Analysis

Probability

Permutation and Combination

Failure of Classical Mechanics and the Rise of Quantum Mechanics

Black Body Radiation

Photoelectric Effect

Heat Capacity of Solids

Early Models of Atom—Thomson Model and Rutherford Model

Bohr Atomic Model

Spectra of Hydrogen Atom

Sommerfeld Model of Atom

Properties of Particles and Waves

Dual Nature of Light

Dual Nature of Matter

de-Broglie Relation and Bohr Angular Momentum

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Postulates of Quantum Mechanics

Acceptable and Non-Acceptable Functions

Operator Algebra

Important Quantum Mechanical Operators

Operator Evaluation and Resultant Operator

Commutation Relation Between Different Operators

Significance of Operator Commutation and Uncertainty Principle

Hermitian Operators

Max-Born Interpretation of a Wave Function

Normalized and Orthogonal Wavefunctions

Particle in a One-Dimensional Box

Particle in a Two-Dimensional Box

Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box

Hydrogen Atom – Wave Mechanical Model

Simple Harmonic Oscillator

Two-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator

Three-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator

Diatomic Rigid Rotator

Approximation Methods for Complex Quantum Mechanical Systems

Variation Method in Quantum Mechanics

Perturbation Theory in Quantum Mechanics

Antisymmetric Wave Functions and Pauli Exclusion Principle

Aufbau Principle

Wavefunctions of Many-Electron Atoms: Slater Determinants

Slater’s Rules

Angular Momentum of Multi-Electron Atoms

Electronic States of Atoms: Term Symbols

Hund’s Rules

Quantum Mechanical Tunneling

Lewis Theory of Chemical Bonding

Born-Oppenheimer Approximation

Heitler-London’s Valence Bond Theory for Diatomic Molecules & Its Application to H2 & H2+

Heitler-London-Slater’s Valence Bond Theory for Diatomic Molecules

Heitler-London-Slater-Pauling’s Valence Bond Theory for Polyatomic Molecules

Structural Hybridization: Application of Valence Bond Theory to Delocalized Chemical Bond

Orbital Hybridization: Application of Valence Bond Theory to Shape of Molecules

Molecular Orbital Theory for Diatomic Molecules & Its Application to H2 & H2+

Molecular Orbital Diagram of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules: O2, F2, Ne2, N2, He2+

Molecular Term Symbols for Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules

Molecular Orbital Diagram of Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules: CO, NO

Huckel Molecular Orbital Theory of Conjugated π-Systems

Definition and Significance of Symmetry

Polygons and Polyhedral Geometries

Symmetry Elements and Symmetry Operations

Axis of Rotation or Symmetry Axis (Cn)

Plane of Symmetry or Symmetry Plane (σ)

Center of Symmetry or Inversion Center (i)

Improper Axis of Rotation or Alternating Axis of Symmetry (Sn)

Molecular Point Groups

Matrix Representations of Geometrical Operations

Molecular Point Groups as Mathematical Groups

Group Multiplication Tables: C2v and C3v

Similarity Transformation and Symmetry Classes

Reducible and Irreducible Representations: Matrix Forms of Symmetry Operation of Molecular Point Groups

The Great Orthogonality Theorem: Properties of Irreducible Representations

Character Tables: Definition and Their Construction

Nomenclature of Irreducible Representations: Mulliken Symbols

Mulliken Symmetry of Translational Vectors and Their Significance

Mulliken Symmetry of Rotational Vectors and their Significance

Mulliken Symmetry of Cartesian Tensors and Their Significance

Reduction Formula: Resolution of a Reducible Representation into its Irreducible Components

Mulliken Symmetry of Total Degree of Freedom

Mulliken Symmetry of Vibrational Degree of Freedom: IR and Raman Activity

Valence Bond Treatment of σ-Bonding in Polyatomic Molecules Using Point Group Symmetry

Valence Bond Treatment of π-Bonding in Polyatomic Molecules Using Point Group Symmetry

Molecular Orbital Treatment of σ-Bonding Polyatomic Molecules Using Point Group Symmetry

Molecular Orbital Treatment of π-Bonding Polyatomic Molecules Using Point Group Symmetry

Determination of the Spectral Transition Probability Using Molecular Symmetry

List of Character Tables of Some Important Point Groups

Definition and Classification of Solids

Crystallography: Definition and Important Terminology

Symmetry Elements and Symmetry Operations in Crystallographic Systems

Crystallographic Axis and Axial Ratio

Laws of Crystallography

Crystallographic Point Groups, Crystal Systems, and Crystal Families

Space Lattice, Unit Cell, and Crystallographic Planes

Bravais Lattices and Space Groups

Close Packing in Crystals and Unit Cell Generation

Calculation of Number of Particles Per Unit Cell in Cubic Systems

Mass, Volume and Density of Different Types of Unit Cells

Nearest Neighbouring Distance, Edge Length, and Radius of the Sphere in Cubic Systems

Radius Ratio Rule: Size of Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids in Cubic Crystal Systems

Packing Efficiency or Packing Fraction in Close Packing

Interplanar Separation and Interplanar Angle

Isomorphism and Polymorphism

Lattice Defects in Solids

Band Theory of Solids

Crystal Structure of Some Important Solids

Diffraction of Electromagnetic Radiation

Diffraction of X-Ray by Crystals

Bragg’s Law of X-Ray Diffraction

Powder Method of X-Ray Diffraction

X-Ray Diffraction Pattern of a Cubic Crystal System

Definition, Basic Terminology and Sign Convention of Thermodynamics

Concept of Internal Energy, Heat, and Work

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

First law of Thermodynamics

Heat Capacity

Joule’s Law

Joule Thomson Effect

Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas

Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas

Comparison of Isothermal and Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy

Internal Energy

Enthalpy or Heat Content

Helmholtz Free Energy or Work Function

Gibbs Free Energy or Gibbs Function

Maxwell Thermodynamics Relations

Thermodynamic Equations of State

Partial Molar Quantities

Gibbes-Duhem Equation

Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation

Thermodynamic Relations from Ideal Gas Equation

Nernst Heat Theorem

Third Law of Thermodynamics

Thermochemistry: Definition, Important Terms, and Chemical Equations

Hess’s Law

Heat of the Reaction at Constant Volume and Constant Pressure

Kirchhoff’s Equation: Variation of Enthalpy of a Reaction with Temperature

Definition, History and Applications of Chemical Kinetics

Classification of Chemical Reactions on the Basis of Speed and Heat Change

Rate of Reaction: Definition, Types, and Factors Affecting

Law of Mass Action and Rate Law: Rate Constant and Order of the Reaction

Integrated Rate Law

Half-life Period: Zero, First, Second and Third-order Reactions

Methods of Determining Order of the Reaction and Rate Law

Kinetics of Radioactive Disintegration

Arrhenius Equation: Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate

Steady-State and Pre-Equilibrium Approximation

Opposing or Reversible Reactions

Parallel or Side or Concurrent Reactions

Consecutive or Sequential Reactions

Chain Reactions

Collision Theory of Reaction Rate

Transition State Theory

Catalysis: Definition, Types, and Important Terminology

Michaelis-Menten Equation: Kinetics of Enzyme Catalysed Reactions

Lineweaver-Burk and Eadie-Hofstee Equations: Derivation, Plot, and Method

Kinetic Study of Fast Reactions

Photochemical Reactions: Definition, Types, Terminology, and Kinetics

Photophysical Processes: Definition, Types, Terminology, and Kinetics

Definition History and Applications of Electrochemistry

Electric Current: Definition, Types, and Basic Terminology

Electrolytic Conduction: Definition, Cell Constant, and Factors Affecting

Transport Number of an Ion

Kohlrausch’s Law: Independent Migration of Ions

Conductometric Titrations

Arrhenius Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation

Ostwald Dilution Law

Debye-Huckel Theory of Ion-Ion Interactions

Debye-Huckel Limiting Law of Activity Coefficients

Debye-Huckle Theory of Strong Electrolyte

Electrochemical Cell

Relationship Between Electrical Energy and Chemical Energy

Electrode Potential

Electrochemical Series and its Applications

Nernst Equation: Effect of Electrolyte Concentration on Electrode Potential and EMF of a Cell

Potentiometric Titrations

Concentration Cells

Bronsted-Bjerrum Equation: Effect of Ionic Strength on the Rate of Reaction

Electrode Polarization

Electrolysis

Overpotential: Definition, Types (Cathodic and Anodic Overvoltage), and Applications

Chemical Equilibria: Definition, Type, and Characteristic Features

Law of Chemical Equilibrium

Equilibrium Constant: Definition, Types, Characteristic Features, Effect of Temperature, and Applications

Chemical Equilibrium in Terms of Free Energy Change

Le Chatelier’s Principle: Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium

Van’t Hoff Reaction Isotherm

Van’t Hoff Equation of Reaction Isochore: Variation of Equilibrium Constant with Temperature

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

Phase Equilibrium: Definition, Criteria, and Basic Terminology

Gibbs Phase Rule

Phase Diagram of One Component Systems

Phase Diagram of Two Component Systems

Ehrenfest Classification of Phase Transitions

Adsorption: Definition, Types, factors Affecting, and Hysteresis

Potential Energy Curves and Energetics of Adsorption

Definition and Types of Adsorption isotherms

Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm

Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm

BET Adsorption Isotherm

Adsorption Isobars and Adsorption Isosteres

Gibbs Adsorption Equation

Colloidal State of Matter

General Methods of Preparation of Colloids

Purification of Colloidal Solution

Properties of Colloidal Solutions

Stability of Sols (Solid in Liquid Colloids)

Coagulation or Flocculation or Precipitation

Protection of Colloids: Definition, Gold Number, Mechanism

Emulsions and Gels

Definition and Classification of Polymers

Molar Masses of Polymers

Kinetics of Polymerization

Molecular Weight Distribution in Linear Polymerization

Kinetic Chain Length

Definition, History and Significance of Statistical Thermodynamics

Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) Statistics

Bose-Einstein (BE) Statistics

Fermi-Dirac (FD) Statistics

Molecular Partition Function

Comparison Between Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB), Bose-Einstein (BE) and Fermi-Dirac (FD) Statistics

Thermodynamic Properties of an Ideal Monoatomic Gas in Terms of Partition Function

Thermodynamic Properties of an Ideal Diatomic Gas in Terms of Partition Function

Thermodynamic Properties of an Ideal Polyatomic Gas in Terms of Partition Function

Nuclear Partition Function and Its Effect Upon Total Wave Function

Transition State Theory Using Statistical Thermodynamics

Definition of Inorganic Chemistry

Classification of Inorganic Chemistry

Applications of Inorganic Chemistry

Periodic Trends

Atomic Radius

Electronegativity

Ionization Energy

Electron Affinity

Metallic and Non-Metallic Character

Application of Periodic Properties in Predicting Physical and Chemical Behaviour of Compounds

Important Definitions in the Chemistry of Coordination Compounds

Ionic Compounds – Simple Salts, Double Salts and Coordination Compounds

Constituents of a Coordination Complex

Determination of Composition, Charge, Oxidation State, Coordination Number and Geometry of Coordination Compounds

Coordination Number and Possible Stereochemistry of Coordination Compounds

IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds

History of Coordination Compounds

Warner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds

Sidgwick Theory of Coordination Compounds

Valence Bond Theory of Coordination Compounds

Crystal Field Theory of Coordination Compounds

Molecular Orbital Theory of Coordination Compounds

Definition and Classification of Isomerism

Structural Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

Stereoisomerism In Coordination Compounds

Optical Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

Isomerism in Square Planer Complexes

Isomerism in Tetrahedral Complexes

Isomerism in Octahedral Complexes

Concept of Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stability of Coordination Compounds

Stepwise and Overall Formation Constants and Their Interactions

Trends in Stepwise Stability Constants

Factors Affecting Stability of Coordination Compounds

Chelate Effect or Chelation

Kinetic Stability of Coordination Compounds: Inert and Labile Complexes

Main Reactions of Coordination Complexes

Ligand Displacement Reactions in Octahedral Complexes

Acid Hydrolysis in Octahedral Coordination Complexes

Base Hydrolysis in Octahedral Coordination Complexes

Ligand Displacement Reactions Without Breaking Metal-Ligand Bond

Ligand Displacement Reactions in Square Planar Complexes

Trans Effect: Definition, Types, Theories and Applications

Electron Transfer Reactions in Coordination Complexes

Spectroscopic Term Symbols: Electronic States of Atoms

Determination of Spectroscopic Ground State Term

Energy Levels of Free Metal Ions of 1st Transition Series

Selection Rules for Electronic Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes

Correlation Diagrams for Transition Metal Complexes

Orgel Diagrams

Tanabe-Sugano (TS) Diagrams

Effect of Jahn-Teller Distortion on Electronic Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes

Spectrochemical Series in Coordination Compounds

Nephelauxetic Series in Coordination Compounds

Charge Transfer Spectra

Structural Information from Electronic Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes

Definition, History and Basic Terminology of Magnetism

Theories of Magnetism: Classical and Quantum Mechanical Concepts

Types of Magnetic Materials and Magnetism

Magnetic Moment: Definition, Units and Measurement

Magnetic Moment of a Free Atom or Ion

Magnetic Moment of Coordination Complexes

Magnetic Exchange Coupling

Spin-State Cross Over

Definition and Classification of Inner Transition Elements

Electronic Configuration of Inner Transition Elements

Physical and Chemical Properties of Lanthanides and Actinides

Spectral Properties of Lanthanides and Actinides

Magnetic properties of Lanthanides and Actinides

Separation of Lanthanides and Actinides

Applications of Lanthanides and Acinides

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

Geometry of Main Group Compounds using Orbital Hybridization

Bent’s Rule

dπ–pπ Bonds

Oxoacids of Phosphorus, Sulphur and Nitrogen

Definition, History, Types, and Applications of Organometallic Compounds

18 Electron Rule

Metal Carbonyls

Vibrational Spectra of Metal Carbonyls

Metal Nitrosyls

Metal Carbonyl Anions (Carbonylate Ions)

Metal Carbonyl Hydrides

Metal Nitrile and Isonitrile Complexes

Ancillary, Amphoteric, and Sterically Non-Innocent Ligands

Metal-Phosphine Complexes

Metal-Olefin Complexes

Metal-Alkyl, Metal-Carbene, Metal-Carbine, and Metal-Carbido Complexes

Fluxionality: Ring Whizzing and Metal Carbonyl Scrambling

Isolobal Analogy

Sandwich Compounds

Unique Types of Reactions in Organometallic Chemistry

Hydrogenation of Alkenes by Wilkinson Catalyst

Hydroformylation by Oxo Process

Methanol Carbonylation by Monsanto Acetic Acid Process

Oxidation of Olefins by Walker Process

Water Gas Shift Reaction

Olefin Polymerization with Ziegler-Natta Catalyst

Definition, Classification, and Applications of Bioinorganic Chemistry

Essential and Non-Essential Elements in Bioinorganic Chemistry

Metalloporphyrins

Oxygen Transport, Binding, Storage, and Utilization

Metalloenzymes

Photosystems in Plant’s Photosynthesis

Sodium-Potassium Pump: Transport of Na+ and K+ Ions

Nitrogen Fixation

Theories and Concepts of Acids and Bases

Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases

Acid Strength: Definition, Factor Affecting and Order

Base Strength: Definition, Order and Factors Affecting

Hard-Soft Acids Bases (HSAB) Theory or Pearson Principle

Definition, Scale and Calculation of pH and pOH for Different Solutions

Buffer Solutions

Definition and Types of Cluster Compounds

Wade’s Rules (Polyhedral Skeletal Electron Pair Theory)

Borane Clusters

Carborane Clusters

Metal Carbonyl Clusters

Atomic Clusters

Clusters with Metal-Metal Quadruple Bond and Derivatives

Definition, History and Applications of Nuclear Chemistry

Atomic Nucleus: Definition, Constituents, and Important Terminology

Proton-Electron and Proton-Neutron Hypothesis of the Nucleus

Liquid Drop Model of Nucleus

Nuclear Shell Model of Nucleus

Nuclear Stability: Packing Fraction, Mass Defect, and Binding Energy

Group Displacement Law

Radioactive Decay

Nuclear Reactions: Definition, Types, and Q-Value

Nuclear Transmutation and Artificial Radioactivity

Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Fusion

Scattering Cross Section of a Nucleus

Radioactive Tracer Technique

Neutron Activation Analysis

Definition of Organic Compounds and Organic Chemistry

Historical Background of Organic Chemistry

Representation of Organic Compounds

Classification of Organic Compounds

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Carbon and its Bonding

Homologous Series

Formal Charge of an Atom

Localized and Delocalized Bonds

Conjugated Systems

Weak Interactions in Organic Compounds

Inductive Effect

Electromeric Effect

Field Effect

Resonance or Mesomerism

Hyperconjugation

Tautomerism

Aromaticity

Principle and Theory of Conservation of Orbital Symmetry

Types of Organic Reactions and Mechanisms

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Requirements of a Reaction

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control of a Reaction

Hammond-Leffler Postulate

Curtin-Hammett Principle

Reaction Intermediates

Methods of Determining Organic Reaction Mechanisms

Isotope Effects

Effect of Molecular Structure on Reactivity of Organic Compounds

Hammett Equation

Taft Equation

Isomerism in Organic Compounds: Definition and Classification

Symmetry Elements

Optical Activity

Mirror Imagery and Isomeric Relationships

Different Representation of Organic Molecules and their Interconversion

Stereogenic Centre or Stereocenter: Enantiomers and Diastereomers

Stereomerism in Organic Compounds with More Than One Chiral Centre

External-Internal Compensation: Racemic Mixtures and Meso Compounds

Prochirality

Homotopic, Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Atoms, Groups and Faces

Determination of Relative and Absolute Configuration of Organic Compounds with Chiral Center

Optical Activity without Chiral Carbon: Chiral Axis, Chiral Plane and Helical Chirality

Optical Purity or Enantiomeric Excess

Racemization and the Resolution of Racemic Mixtures

Bayer’s Strain Theory

Conformational Isomerism in Simple Alkanes and Their Derivatives

Conformational Analysis of Cyclopropane, Cyclobutene, Cyclopentane and Cyclohexane

Geometrical and Conformational Isomers of Decalins

Geometrical Isomerism in Alkenes and Oximes

Methods of Determining Geometrical Configurations

Asymmetric Synthesis

Definition and Types of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

SN1 (Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular) Mechanism

SN2 (Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular) Mechanism

Mixed SN1 and SN2 Mechanism

SNi (Substitution Nucleophilic Internal) Mechanism

Nucleophilic Substitution by SET (Single-Electron Transfer) Mechanism

Neighbouring Group Participation Mechanisms: Anchimeric Assistance

Effects of Substrate Structure, Attacking Nucleophile, Leaving Group and Reaction Medium on the Reactivity of Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution

Ambident Nucleophiles and Regioselectivity

Phase Transfer Catalysis

Nucleophilic Substitution at Aliphatic Trigonal Carbon

ArSN1 or Aryl Cation Mechanism

ArSN2 or Addition-Elimination Mechanism

Aryne (Benzyne) or Elimination-Addition Mechanism

Substitution Radical Nucleophilic Unimolecular (SRN1) Mechanism

Effect of Substrate Structure, Leaving Group, and Attacking Nucleophile on the Reactivity of Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution

Some Important Name Reactions Involving Nucleophilic Substitution

Definition and Types of Electrophilic Substitution Reactions

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Arenium Ion Mechanism

Orientation and Reactivity in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

Quantitative Treatment of Reactivity in Substrates and Electrophiles

Nitration, Sulfonation and Halogenation of Aromatic Compounds

Friedel-Crafts Reactions

The SE1 (Substitution Electrophilic Unimolecular) Mechanism

SE2 (Substitution Electrophilic Bimolecular) Mechanism

SEi (Substitution Electrophilic Internal) Mechanism

Effect of Substrates, Leaving Group and the Solvent Polarity on the Reactivity of Aliphatic Electrophilic Substitution

Electrophilic Substitution Accompanied by Double Bond Shifts

Some Important Name Reactions Including Electrophilic Substitution

Definition and Types of Radical Substitution Reactions

Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes

Free Radical Substitution of Alkenes

Free Radical Substitution at an Aromatic Substrate

Some Important Name Reaction Involving Free Radical Substitution

Definition and Types of Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

Nucleophilic Addition to Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bond

Michael Reaction

Nucleophilic Addition to Carbon-Hetero Multiple Bond

Mechanism of Metal Hydride Reduction of Saturated and Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds, Acids, Esters and Nitriles

Addition of Grignard Reagents, Organozinc and Organolithium Reagents to Carbonyl and Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds

Wittig Reaction

Aldol Condensation

Claisen Condensation

Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides

Ammonolysis of Esters

Some Important Name Reactions Involving Nucleophilic Addition

Definition and Types of Electrophilic Addition Reaction

Electrophilic Addition to Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bond

Markovnikov Rule: Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes

Factors Affecting the Reactivity of Electrophilic Addition to Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds

Hydrohalogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation of Alkenes

Addition to Cyclopropane Ring

Hydrogenation of Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds and Aromatic Rings

Hydroboration-Reduction

Oxymercuration Reaction

Electrophilic Addition to Carbon-Hetero Atom Multiple Bond

Important Name Reactions Involving Electrophilic Addition

Definition and Types of Radical Addition Reactions

Free Radical Addition to Alkenes

Anti-Markovnikov Rule or Kharasch Effect

Self-Terminating Oxidative Radical Cyclizations

Meerwein Arylation

Definition and Types of Cycloaddition Reactions

Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) Theory of Cycloaddition Reaction

Diels-Alder Reaction

Correlation Diagrams of Cycloaddition Reactions

Woodward Hoffman Rules for Cycloaddition Reactions

Huckel-Mobius or Perturbed Molecular Orbital (PMO) Treatment of Cycloaddition Reactions

Retrocycloaddition or Cycloreversion Reactions

Chelotropic Reactions

[2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions

Cycloaddition Involving More Than [4+2] Electrons

Cycloaddition of Cations and Anions

1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition

Definition and Types of Metathesis Reaction

Catalyst Used in Olefin Metathesis

Cross Metathesis (CM)

Ring-Opening Metathesis (ROM)

Ring-Closing Metathesis (RCM)

Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

Definition and Types of Electrocyclic Reactions

Stereochemistry of Electrocyclic Reactions

Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) Treatment of Electrocyclic Reactions

Correlation Diagrams for Electrocyclic Reactions

Woodward Hoffman Rules for Electrocyclic Reactions

Huckel-Mobius (HM) or Perturbation Molecular Orbital (PMO) Approach to Electrocyclic Reaction

Nazarov Cyclization

Definition and Types of Sigmatropic Rearrangements

Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory of Sigmatropic Rearrangements

[1, n] Sigmatropic Rearrangements

[m, n] Sigmatropic Rearrangements

Cope Rearrangement

Claisen Rearrangement

Correlation Diagram for Sigmatropic Rearrangements

Woodward-Hoffman Rules for Sigmatropic Rearrangements

Huckel-Mobius (HM) or Perturbed Molecular Orbital Method Approach to Sigmatropic Rearrangements

Definition and Types of Elimination Reactions

E1 (Unimolecular Elimination) Reactions

E2 (Bimolecular Elimination) Reactions

E1CB (Conjugate Base Elimination) Mechanism

Orientation and Stereochemistry of the Double Bond in Elimination Reactions

Factor Affecting the Reactivity of Elimination Reactions

Pyrolytic syn or Elimination Internal (Ei) Reactions

Difinition of Spectroscopy

Relationship Between Matter and Energy

Structure of Matter

Born-Oppenheimer Approximation: Rotational Vibrational And Electronic Energy Levels

Definition and Condition of Rotational Spectra

Types of Molecules and Rotational Activity

Rotational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules as Rigid Rotor

Rotational Spectra of Diatomic Molecule as Non-Rigid Rotor

Rotational Spectra of Linear Polyatomic Molecules

Rotational Spectra of Symmetric Top Molecule

Effect of Electric Field On Rotational Spectral Lines (Stark Effect)

Microwave Spectrophotometer: Instrumentation and Working

Definition and Condition of Infrared Vibrational Spectroscopy

Vibrational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules as Simple Harmonic Oscillator

Vibrational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules as Anharmonic Oscillator

Vibrational-Rotational Spectra of a Diatomic Molecule

Infrared Activity of Vibrational Modes of Polyatomic Molecules

Vibrational Spectra of Linear Polyatomic Molecules

Effect of Nuclear Spin on the Vibrational-Rotational Spectra

Vibrational Spectra of Symmetric Top Molecules

Infrared Spectrophotometer: Instrumentation and Technique

Structure Determination of Organic Compounds Using IR Spectra

Raman Spectroscopy: Definition and History and Applications

Theories of Raman Effect

Pure Rotational Raman Spectra of Linear Molecules

Pure Rotational Raman Spectra of Symmetric Top Molecules

Raman Activity of Vibrations

Vibrational Raman Spectra

Vibrational Rotational Raman Spectra of Diatomic Molecules

Polarization of Light and Raman Effect

Determination of Molecular Structure Using Infra-Red and Raman Spectroscopy

Raman Resonance Spectroscopy

Raman Spectrophotometer

Electronic Spectra of Atoms

Franck-Condon Principle

Electronic Spectra of Diatomic Molecules

Electronic Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules

Woodward Fieser rule for Calculating λmax of Conjugated Organic Compounds

Chemical Analysis of Organic Compounds by UV-Visible Spectroscopy

UV-Visible Spectrophotometer: Principle, Instrumentation, and Working

Nuclear Spin: Origin, Angular Momentum, and Magnetic Moment

Principle of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

Position of NMR Signal: Shielding and Deshielding of a Proton

Intensity of NMR Signal: Peak Area and Proton Counting

Multiplicity of NMR Signal: Spin-Spin Coupling

Width of NMR Signal: Types of Relaxation Process

Chemical Exchange Phenomenon on NMR Spectra

C13 NMR Spectroscopy (CMR)

NMR Spectra of N15, F19, P31

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrophotometer: Continuous Wave (CW) vs Pulse NMR Techniques

Structure Determination of Organic Compounds Using NMR Spectra

Nuclear Quadrupole Moment

Principle of Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy

Applications of NQR Spectroscopy

Electron Spin Resonance: Definition, Principle and Applications

Width and Intensity of EPR Signal

Position of Electron Spin Resonance

Hyperfine Coupling in EPR Spectrum: Electron-Nucleus Coupling

Fine Structure in EPR Spectrum: Electron-Electron Coupling

Electron-Nucleus Double Resonance in EPR Spectroscopy

Kramer Degeneracy in ESR Spectroscopy

Introduction to Mass Spectrometry

Mass Spectrometry: Principle, Instrumentation, and Working

Origin of Multiple M-Peaks and Their Intensity Ratio

Molecular Ion Peaks in Cl an Br Containing Compounds

Position of Parent Peak

Fragmentation Rules in Mass Spectrometry

Determination of Molecular Weight and Molecular Formula from Mass Spectrometry

Metastable Ion Peak

Structure Elucidation of Organic Compounds Using Mass Spectrometry

Definition, History, and Principle of Mossbauer Spectroscopy

Isomer Shift or Chemical Shift

Quadrupole Splitting of a Mossbauer Signal

Effect of Magnetic Field on Mossbauer Spectrum

Applications of Mossbauer Spectroscopy

Methods of Determining Molecular Mass, Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula of an Organic Compound

Degree of Unsaturation (DU) or Double Bond Equivalent

Application of Spectroscopy to the Structure Elucidation of Organic Molecules